Pawngkam hleiruk ah thir rawhnak doh khawhnak kong tling tein hlathlainak
- Vancung thli rawhnak.
A thiamnak cu Thir thir thli rawhnak doh khawhnak ding caah thli chung i a ummi chloride dat nih a uk—cucaah rili asiloah a dang chloride-thurhnawmhnak hrampi he naih tein um cu a biapi tuk.
- Ti thiang.
Ti thiang pawngkam—tiva, tidil, tidil asiloah tikhor tibantuk—nih pH, a cawhmi oxygen le a tlawm deuhnak cungah aa hngatmi thir pawl kha a hrawh hna.
- Acid a ngeimi Ti.
Acidic ti (tahchunhnak ah, lungvar asiloah lungmeihol in a chuakmi le free sulfuric acid asiloah a cawhmi thir sulfates aa telmi) cu a chuakmi ti thiang nakin a fak deuh.
- Ti chiti.
Ti thiang a ummi pawngkam ah, a cawlcang lomi zukcawl a rawhnak ruangah hmunkhat ah a ummi vun a um tawn—a bik in chloride a um tikah. Bio-fouling le rili chung thilri hna nih oxygen-concentration cells an ser khawh, cu nih cun tukforhnak a rangter. Stainless steel cu a luangmi thil sining ah hman tikah (tahchunhnak ah pump impellers) aa tlakmi austenitic alloys hna i rawhnak rate cu a niam tuk kho. A ttha mi suaisamnak—a tthennak hrial le a chakmi tthennak hman tibantuk—cu zong nih a bawmh.
- Vawlei non.
A phummi thir rawhnak cu aa thleng lengmangmi le a harmi vawlei dirhmun cungah aa hngat.
- Nitric Acid.
A tlawmbik ~14% chromium aa telmi ferritic le austenitic stainless thir pahnih nih nitric acid kha ttha tein an doh.
- Sulphuric Acid.
Tahfung thir thir sulfuric acid ah hmannak tlawmte lawng an ngei. A ttha deuhmi tlukruannak (0Cr17Ni12Mo2) cu innchung lumnak ah ~15 % tang asiloah ~85 % cunglei caah a za.
- Phosphoric Acid.
Austenitic stainless steels cu phosphoric-acid pawngkam ah tam deuh in hman a si i a ttha, a caan ah ~107 °C tiang lumnak le a phunphun in a ummi ah. Sihmanhsehlaw, halide (fluoride asiloah chloride) thurhnawmhnak hmete nih riantuan ning a chiatter khawh. Ferritic le martensitic thir hna cu phosphoric acid riantuannak ah a niam deuh ti cu a fiang ko.
- Hydrochloric Acid.
Stainless steels cu hydrochloric-acid riantuannak caah aa tlak lo—pawngkam lumnak le a tlawm deuhmi hmanh ah—zeicahtiah a cawlcang lomi zukcawl nih cu bantuk a zortermi, chloride a tammi acid pawngkam ah a fekmi a kilven kho lo.
- A dang Inorganic Acids.
Austenitic stainless steels nih a tlangpi in boric acid, carbonic acid, chloric acid le chromic acid in a rawhnak kha a phunphun in a tlawmtam le a lumternak (100% chloric acid ti lo) ah a doh. Lower-alloy ferritic/martensitic stainless steels nih chromic acid dohnak ah a ttha lo deuh, asinain boric asiloah carbonic acid kha lungtling tein an doh khawh rih.
- Acetic Acid.
Austenitic thir thir acetic acid rawhnak doh khawhnak tha taktak an langhter, a dihlak in a tlawmtam chung ah khan chung lumnak hmanh ah.
- Formic Acid.
Pawngkam lumnak ah, a tlangpi in austenitic thir thir formic acid kha lungtling tein a tawnghtham khawh. Sihmanhsehlaw, a linmi formic acid riantuannak ah non-molybdenum austenitic thir pawl cu an rawk colh—cucaah molybdenum-a ngeimi phun pawl cu a herh. Martensitic le ferritic phun hna cu formic acid chung i lumnak ah an ttha lo.
- Oxalic Acid.
Innchung lum le 50% tiang a tlawmmi ah, thir thir nih oxalic acid rawhnak kha a tei khawh. Asinain a sang deuhmi lumnak le tlawm deuhnak (tahchunhnak ah ~100 %) ahcun annih nih cun a tlawmbik tlukruannak ah a fakmi rawhnak an tong kho.
- Lactic Acid.
Austenitic phun cheukhat (tahchunhnak ah, 0Cr18Ni9) cu a lum deuhmi (~38 °C tiang) ah lactic-acid chiahnak ah hman khawh a si.
- Alkalis.
Stainless thir nih a nemmi alkali (ammonium hydroxide tibantuk) kha ttha tein a doh tawn.
- Acidic Chiti cawhmi.
Stainless steels nih a tlangpi in acidic chiti cawhmi tampi ah rawkralnak a doh khawhnak a ttha tuk—asinain chiti in a chuakmi hydrolyzed acids nih a chuahpimi thil kha pakhat nih a ruah a hau i chlorides asiloah a dang halides a um tikah a hleiin ralrin a hau. A sangmi lumnak tangah, molybdenum-a ngeimi austenitic phun nih a dang tampi nakin a ttha deuh.